Menopause is when periods stop permanently because the ovaries stop releasing eggs. It is a normal part of ageing and usually happens between 45 and 55 years. A woman has reached menopause when she has had no period for 12 months. The years around it can bring hot flushes, sleep problems and mood changes, and afterwards the risk of weak bones and heart disease rises.
Symptoms
Periods becoming irregular, then stopping
Hot flushes and night sweats
Trouble sleeping
Mood changes, irritability or low mood
Vaginal dryness and discomfort during sex
Passing urine more often, or urine leaks
Joint aches and tiredness
Causes
A natural fall in hormones (oestrogen) as the ovaries age — the usual cause
Surgery to remove the ovaries or womb
Chemotherapy or radiotherapy
Sometimes early menopause before age 40 (premature ovarian insufficiency)
Prevention
Menopause itself is natural and cannot be prevented, but you can stay healthy through it
Eat calcium-rich foods (milk, yoghurt, cheese) and get some sunlight for vitamin D
Walk or do weight-bearing exercise to keep bones strong
Talk to a doctor
Get advice by video, voice or chat without leaving home.
Have blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol checked
Treatment
Simple steps: light cotton clothes, a cool room, and less tea and spicy food in the evening
Regular exercise and a healthy diet
Vaginal moisturisers or creams for dryness
Hormone treatment (HRT) for severe symptoms in some women — only after a doctor checks the risks
Calcium and vitamin D if your diet is low in them
Do not take hormones without a doctor
Common questions
Can I still get pregnant around menopause?
Yes, until you have had no period for 12 months (24 months if you are under 50). Keep using family planning until then if you do not want another pregnancy.
How long do hot flushes last?
For most women they last a few years and slowly become less frequent. For some women they last longer; a doctor can help if they are severe.
